¹ Abbott v. Burke 153 N.J. 480 (1998) (Abbott V).

² Lake View Sch. Dist. No. 25 v. Huckabee, 91 S.W.3d 472 (2002) (Lake View III).

³ Hoke County Board of Education v. State, 599 S.E. 2d 365 (2004).

⁴ Hancock v. Driscoll, 443 Mass. 428 (2005).

⁵ Hoke County Board of Education v. State, 599 S.E.2d at 394.

⁶ See Lake View III, 91 S.W.3d at 501.

⁷ Abbott V, 153 N.J. at 505-507.

⁸ Hoke County Board of Education v. State, 599 S.E. 2d at 394.

⁹ Abbott V, 153 N.J. 480 (1998).

¹⁰ The Abbott V ruling applies to approximately twenty-five percent of New Jersey’s school children. The decision initially applied to 28 school districts, but the New Jersey Legislature and Commissioner of Education have since expanded the ruling to three additional school districts. 

¹¹ N.J. Const., art. 8, § IV, para. 1.

¹² Abbott v. Burke, 149 N.J. 145 (1997) (Abbott IV).

¹³ Id. at 166.

¹⁴ Robinson v. Cahill, 62 N.J. 473 (!973) (Robinson I).

¹⁵ Abbott v. Burke, 119 N.J. 287 (1990) (Abbott II).

¹⁶ Abbott IV, 149 N.J. at 179, citing Administrative Law Judge decision, NO EDU 5581-88 (OAL 1988), at 28.

¹⁷ Abbott II, 119 N.J. at 385.

¹⁸ Robinson I, 62 N.J. at 515.

¹⁹ Abbott II, 119 N.J. at 369.

²⁰ Id. at 373.

²¹ Abbott v. Burke, 136 N.J. 444 (1994) (Abbott III).

²² Id. at 453.

²³ N.J.S.A. 18A: 7F-16.

²⁴ The Abbott rulings resulted in expansion of state-funded preschool beyond the 28 Abbott districts. ECPA provides state aid for preschool and full-day kindergarten for approximately 100 non-Abbott, low-income school districts that meet specific eligibility criteria. The preschool program in the non-Abbott districts is governed by different standards  than the Abbott program and, unlike the Abbott program which is intended to serve all children within an Abbott district, enrollment in these districts is limited by the amount of state funding appropriated in a given year.

²⁵ Abbott IV,  149 N.J. 145 (1997)..

²⁶ Id. at 176.

²⁷ See Abbott V, 153 N.J. at 504-505, 581 (Appendix I, Decision of Remand Court).

²⁸ Id. at 578-582.  

²⁹ Abbott V, 153 N.J. at 647-648 (Appendix II, Report of Special Master).

³⁰ Abbott V, 153 N.J. at 529 (Appendix I, Decision of Remand Court).

³¹ Id. at 609.

³² Abbott V, 153 N.J. at 503.

³³ Id. at 504.

³⁴ Id. at 507.

³⁵ In the first year of implementation, most Abbott districts documented the need and submitted budgets for full-day preschool.  This need was based, in part, on the fact that, due to facilities and space limitations in the public schools, the vast majority of preschoolers were placed in existing community childcare programs, and these programs generally operate on a full-day basis. By 2001, the State, through regulation, began funding a full-day, full-year preschool program for all three- and four-year-old children in the Abbott districts. See Abbott VI, 163 N.J. at 119.

³⁶ Abbott V, 153 N.J. at 503.

³⁷ Id. at 506-507.

³⁸ Id. at 507.

³⁹ Id.

⁴⁰ Id. at 508.

⁴¹ Id. at 524.

⁴² Id. at 508.

⁴³ Abbott VI, 163 N.J. 95 (2000).

⁴⁴ Id. 163 N.J. at 104.

⁴⁵ Id. at 102.

⁴⁶ Abbott v Burke, 170 N.J. 537 (2002) (Abbott VIII).

⁴⁷ Board of Educ. of City of Millville v. NJ Dept. of Educ., 183 N.J. 264 (2005).

⁴⁸ Lake View III, 91 S.W.3d  472 (2002).

⁴⁹ Lake View Sch. Dist. No. 25 v. Huckabee,  _ S.W.3d  _, (2004); 2004 WL 1406270 (Ark. June 18, 2004).

⁵⁰ Lake View Sch. Dist. No. 25 v. Huckabee, _ S.W.3d _ (2005), 2005 WL 1358308 (June 9, 2005).

⁵¹ Ark. Const. art. 14, § 1.

⁵² Dupree v. Alma Sch. Dist. No. 30, 651 S.W.2d 90 (1983).

⁵³ Id. at 93.

⁵⁴ Lake View Sch. Dist. No. 25 v. Huckabee, No. 1992-5318, 1 (Ch. Ct. Pulasky County, Ark. 2d Div., May 25, 2001).

⁵⁵ Lake View Sch. Dist. No. 25 v. Huckabee, 10 S.W. 3d 892 (Ark. 2000).

⁵⁶ Lake View Sch. Dist. No. 25 v. Huckabee, 1992-5318 (Ch. Ct. Pulasky County, Ark. 2d Div., May 25, 2001).

⁵⁷ Lake View III, 91 S.W.3d at 501 (quoting trial court order).

⁵⁸ Id.

⁵⁹ Id. at 495.

⁶⁰ Id. at 500.

⁶¹ Id.

⁶² Id. at 502.

⁶³ Id. at 501-502.

⁶⁴ Id. at 501.

⁶⁵ Lake View Sch. Dist. No. 25 v. Huckabee, No. 01-836, 2004 WL 213203 (Ark. Feb. 3, 2004).^*

⁶⁶ Id.

⁶⁷ The special masters’ report is available on the website for the Arkansas courts: http://courts.state.ar.us/lake%20view/report.pdf.

⁶⁸ Lake View Sch. Dist. No. 25 v. Huckabee, No. 01-836, _ S.W.3d _, 2004 WL 1406270 (Ark. June 18, 2004) (Lake View IV).

⁶⁹ Lake View Sch. Dist. No. 25 v. Huckabee, _ S.W.3d _ (2005), 2005 WL 1358308 (June 9, 2005).

⁷⁰ Hoke County Board of Education v. State, 599 S.E. 2d 365 (2004).

⁷¹ Id. at 394.

⁷² N.C. Const. art. I, § 15. 

⁷³ N.C. Const. art. IX, § 2.

⁷⁴ N.C. Const. art. IX, § 3. 

⁷⁵ Leandro v. State, 488 S.E.2d 249 (1997).

⁷⁶ Id. at 259.

⁷⁷ Id.

⁷⁸ Id. at 255.

⁷⁹ Hoke County Board of Education v. State of North Carolina, 2000 WL 1639686 (N.C. Super. Oct 12, 2000).

⁸⁰ Id. at 6.

⁸¹ Id.

⁸² See Hoke County Bd. of Educ. v. State, 95 CVS 1158, Orders of March 2001 and April 2002. 

⁸³ Hoke County Board of Educ. v. State of North Carolina, 599 S.E.2d 365 (2004).

⁸⁴ Id. at 392.

⁸⁵ Id. at 393.

⁸⁶ Id. at 395.

⁸⁷ Id. at 394.

⁸⁸ Hancock v. Driscoll, 443 Mass. 428 (2005).

⁸⁹ McDuffy v. Secretary, 415 Mass. 545 (1993).

⁹⁰ M.G.L.A.  Const. Pt. 2, C. 5, § 2.

⁹¹ McDuffy at 621.

⁹² Id. at 614.

⁹³ Rose v. Council for Better Educ., Inc., 790 S.W.2d 186, 212 (Ky. 1989).

⁹⁴ McDuffy v. Secretary, 415 Mass. at 618.

⁹⁵ Id. at 621.

⁹⁶ Hancock v. Driscoll, 2004 WL 877984, 137.

⁹⁷ Id.at 140.

⁹⁸ Id. at 138.

⁹⁹ Id. at 138-139.

¹⁰⁰ Hancock v. Driscoll, 2004 WL 877984 (April 26, 2004).

¹⁰¹ Id. at 145.

¹⁰² Id. at 146.

¹⁰³ Id. at 146, fn. 221.

¹⁰⁴ Id. at 146.

¹⁰⁵ Id. at 136.

¹⁰⁶ Id. at 137.

¹⁰⁷ Id.

¹⁰⁸ Id.

¹⁰⁹ Hancock v. Driscoll, 443 Mass. at 455.

¹¹⁰ Id. at 433.

¹¹¹ Id.

¹¹² Id. at  455.

¹¹³ Id. at  451.

¹¹⁴ Id. at 458.

¹¹⁵ Id. at 487, fn. 3

¹¹⁶ Id. at 460.

¹¹⁷ Id.

¹¹⁸ Id.

¹¹⁹ Id. at 435 (quoting McDuffy, 415 Mass. at 620).